Rare maternal haplogroups. Haplogroups I and X are each found in only 1% of the modern European population. The full sequence is required to determine your full haplogroup. Haplogroup I has been found in over 10% of the bodies in tested from Viking cemeteries. In the next step and based on the obtained results, we refined the global phylogeny of haplogroup N1a, HV2, and X by analyzing rare haplotypes, which are absent from the current phylogenetic tree. Several of the haplogroups (R0a, U2, I) observed in Bøgebjerggård are rare in present day Scandinavians. Each haplogroup also has numerous further sub groups, which are classified by numbers and letters such as R1A. Distribution Haplogroup V is a relatively rare mtDNA haplogroup, occurring in around 4% of native Europeans. Within Europe, sub-lineages of haplogroup J have distinct and interesting distributions. For each haplogroup or subgroup within haplogroup, I evaluated and listed the locations for the Genographic “earliest maternal ancestor place of birth” locations, but in the case of the haplogroup A example above, with 4198 responses, the results did not fit into the field so I added the information as supplemental. (2014) analysed the mtDNA of 395 elite Polish athletes (213 endurance athletes and 182 power athletes) and 413 sedentary controls and found that haplogroup H is among the most overrepresented mtDNA types among endurance athletes at the Olympic/World Class level. [27] The authors speculated that the genetic similarity of the modern-day Turkish population with modern-day European populations might be due to spread of Neolithic Anatolian farmers into Europe, which impacted the genetic makeup of modern-day European When you take the full mitochondrial sequence test (mtFullSequence) at Family Tree DNA, you receive your most detailed, full haplogroup designation automatically. Such mutations are very rare, however, and are therefore unlikely to be the cause of a mismatch. So, what’s the bottom line about heteroplasmies? Heteroplasmy Bottom Line You can suspect a heteroplasmy if you have full sequence matches, but no exact matches. [5] Its highest concentration is among the Saami people of northern Fennoscandia (~59%). Five Mesolithic U5 samples, all dating from c. Sporadic studies describe few rare mtDNA variants and attempt to establish the predisposing role of specific sub-haplogroups, such as for instance the H1 sub-haplogroup in a Finnish SCD cohort [11]. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Your Maternal Haplogroup Report tells you about your m Maternal contributions was estimated as around 8% based on D4c and G2a mtDNA haplogroups. Yet a considerable number of men in every population carry rare paternal lineages with estimated frequencies around 5%. Although haplogroup HV is most frequent in the Near East, where it probably originated, haplogroups HV0 and V are quite rare in that region. But some examples are found. This gives the Sami regions the highest level of haplogroups V and U5b thus far found. The two haplogroups haplogroup V and haplogroup U5b dominate, between them accounting for about 89% of the total. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184. 8,000 years ago, were tested for both mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA. Haplogroup R What is Maternal Haplogroup R? Haplogroup R is a genealogical group of lineages defined by unique genetic markers present in your mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted from your mother. A maternal haplogroup is a family of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that traces back to a single common ancestor. Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The haplogroups was probably my favorite part of reading my 23 and Me report. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Approximately 65% of the European L lineages mostly likely arrived during the Arab conquest of Iberian Peninsula and Sicily and during the period of Atlantic slave What are haplogroups? By Liz Wood, Health Testing Specialist at at AlphaBiolabs Last reviewed: 30/01/2025 A haplogroup is a group of people within a genetic population that share a common paternal or maternal ancestor. Ötzi belonged to haplogroup K1 but carried two additional mutations distinguishing his maternal line. Haplogroups tell you about your direct paternal or maternal ancestors. They found that AIDS progression was slower for members of haplogroup I. Haplogroup I is defined by T10034C, a rare mutation in tRNA encoding Glycine. T … Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J is the third most frequent haplogroup in modern‐day Scandinavia, although it did not originate there. In this article, we discuss paternal and maternal haplogroups, the differences between these haplogroups, how they are inherited, and how you can find out your paternal or maternal ancestral lineage. They constitute the first mtDNA dataset for the general population of contemporary Mexico enabling haplotype and haplogroup frequency and dispersal estimates (Table S2). Since paternal or maternal haplogroups are inherited, your ancestry can be traced back over thousands of years. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Various matrilineal descendants of Empress Maria Theresa were tested and confirmed to belong to the same haplogroup (H with the mutations 152C, 194T and 263G, which most probably corresponds to the H3s subclade). Country Frequency This is where your direct maternal haplogroup is most commonly found today based on self-reported information from hundreds of thousands of mtDNA testers and participants in academic studies. This amino acid is a known an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. The goal of this group is to identify the orgin or find the oldest known common ancestor with mtDNA U1b in Norway. List of haplogroups of historic people This is a list of haplogroups of historic people. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). mtDNA is generally passed un-mixed from mothers to children of both sexes, along the maternal line, or matrilineally. And get more people that in theory have U1b as their maternal haplogroup to test themselves and confirm it. We targeted the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), known to be highly informative for human ancestry, and identified 38 single nucleotide variants using next generation sequencing. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. The alphabetical nomenclature was published in 2002 by the Y Chromosome Consortium. Haplogroup V is a relatively rare mtDNA haplogroup, occurring in around 4% of native Europeans. mtDNA analysis The maternal ancestral lineages of Arabic countries are diverse. 2. Haplogroups provide insights into human populations’ historical migrations and evolutionary history, helping researchers and genealogists understand the genetic relationships and ancestral origins of Haplogroup I2 What is Maternal Haplogroup I2? Haplogroup I2 is a genealogical group of lineages defined by unique genetic markers present in your mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted from your mother. The rare Y-haplogroup C1a2, descendent from the Aurignacian Cro-Magnons, was also identified. These haplogroups represent the majority of the typical sub-Saharan mtDNA variability. One rare subclade may occur only among Ashkenazi Jews, possibly as a result of a founder effect. Haplogroup R1a (R-M420), is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia, Siberia and South Asia. Frequency tables showing the percentage for each mtDNA haplogroup by country and region in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. For haplogroup X2b4, there were 62 results, indicating just how rare this haplogroup is worldwide. The clade was believed to have originated in West Asia, near present-day Syria, [1] around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Jun 27, 2022 · The unique DNA markers that define this mitochondrial haplogroup, or shared lineage, were passed down from mother to daughter to granddaughter—never through fathers—for 100,000 years. [35][36] Matrilineal descent goes back through My maternal haplogroup is H11a which is apparently 1 out of 150, that isn't all that crazy, but my paternal haplogroup is I-L22 is 1 out of 110,000 "extremely rare among 23andme customers. We believe that this is an important finding because first, it adds to the depth of knowledge about the distribution of the H4a1 haplogroup in existing mtDNA, thus creating a baseline for future Both men and women with Steppe ancestry participated in the turnover in Neolithic Britain, as evidenced by the rise of the paternal haplogroup R1b-M269 and maternal haplogroups I, R1a and U4. Maternal or paternal haplogroup assignments might not appear consistent due to mutations in the mtDNA or Y chromosomes. The purpose of this project is to document the maternal lineage of all people with the mtDNA haplogroup currently d Has anyone tested with a rare I2 haplogroup like 1 in 100,000 or even more rare? I am asking because it is considered proto european and many I-M438 sub branches are very uncommon and undertested. To learn more about the origins of the various subclades of mt-haplogroup T, it is important that all T2-members fill in their ancestral information under Ancestral Location. This page shows the general regions where people with the same mtDNA as you are found. Enter full name, appr years of birth/death, place, county and country. Are All People In A Haplogroup Related? Not all people who share a haplogroup are genetic relatives. It has long been known that mtDNA haplogroup H dominated the lines of Europe’s aristocracies, while Y chromosomal R1b was the most common male lineage. This lineage's most recent common matrilineal ancestor is Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen (1671-1747), whose matrilineal Results The mtDNA haplogroup composition of these two southern Spanish populations has revealed a wide spectrum of haplogroups from different geographical origins. . Mar 26, 2024 · Introduction Maternal haplogroups are genetic classifications that trace maternal ancestry through mitochondrial DNA. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East. So that’s the T haplogroup. Seven African mtDNA haplogroups (L0–L6) traditionally captured this ancient structure—these L haplogroups have formed the backbone of the mtDNA tree for nearly two decades. The mtDNA tree has around 26 main branches, known as mtDNA haplogroups, which are classified by letters A-Z. Prepare to be transported into a rich & fascinating history on the oldest haplogroups that exist. Each of these mutations is known as a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and every major haplogroup is associated with a certain set of SNP markers. The paragroup for the R-M479 lineage is found predominantly in South Asia, although deep-rooted examples have also been found among Portuguese, Spanish, Tatar (Bashkortostan, Russia), and Ossetian (Caucasus) populations (Myres 2010). It is not yet possible to associate all H subclades with specific Neolithic cultures, although this may become possible as more samples and more ancient mtDNA results become available. The original haplogroup J originated in the Near East approximately 50,000 years ago. Unfortunately, not everyone provided the place of birth for their earliest known maternal ancestor. Goran has also included the mtDNA haplogroup as identified in the paper. Although very rare and with uneven distributions in contemporary populations, they harbor a very large diversity of lineages across western Eurasia and Africa. Oct 14, 2019 · The major subclade of R0, haplogroup HV has a pivotal position in human mitochondrial (mtDNA) phylogeny as the ancestral clade to haplogroup H-the most common clade in Europe 1 and the best The mitochondrial haplogroups N1a and X originated most likely in the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East. The mitochondrial haplogroup J contains several sub-lineages. Your maternal haplogroup paints a picture of your ancient origins and the migrations of your ancestors. [citation needed] Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The most frequent Y-chromosomal (chrY) haplogroups in northern and eastern Europe (NEE) are well-known and thoroughly characterised. Discussion We determined Takabuti’s mtDNA haplogroup from multiple overlapping sequence reads obtained after two rounds of hybridization capture directed at the mitochondrial genome. What profiles can be added to the project: Subject terms: Population genetics, Biological anthropology Introduction The major subclade of R0, haplogroup HV has a pivotal position in human mitochondrial (mtDNA) phylogeny as the ancestral clade to haplogroup H-the most common clade in Europe 1 and the best-defined mtDNA haplogroup according to Phylotree 2. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia (Olivieri 2013); Terreros 2011; Fernandes 2012). [4] In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, each of which can be used to define genetic populations. [49] Membership in haplogroups Q and C3b implies Indigenous American patrilineal After haplogroup (Hg) assignment, the 45 ancient Norwegians were shown to carry all major mtDNA haplogroups present in Norway today at frequencies higher than 1%, with the exception of Hg W*. Bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are almost exclusively found in Africa (or among the African diaspora), in contrast with haplogroup BT, bearers of which participated in the Out of Africa migration of early modern humans. Deep resequencing has revealed extreme genetic variation in mitochondrial genomes at multiple levels. My maternal is apparently extremely rare. They can be traced through the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for maternal haplogroups and the Y chromosome for paternal haplogroups. The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Unlike other types of DNA, the mtDNA is found outside the cell nucleus and that means it does not mix with other types of DNA. Macro-haplogroup L is the most basal of human mtDNA haplogroups, from which all other haplogroups descend (specifically, from haplogroup L3). This heterogeneity has implications for the origins of human mitochondrial DNA mutations as Haplogroup R1b Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. [3][2] mtDNA Classification of the Sami mtDNA lineages revealed that the majority are clustered in a subset of the European mtDNA pool. Your maternal haplogroup assignment is based on your mitochondrial DNA, which you inheri Information about your ancestry mtDNA is inherited strictly through the direct maternal line. Table 1 summarizes the main features of each mtDNA sequence. Haplogroups X1 and X3 are found mostly in the Levant, North Africa and parts of south-western European, which correspond fairly well to the distribution of Y-haplogroup G2b. 2009). A "Central Siberian" origin has been postulated for the paternal lineage of the source populations of the original migration into the Americas. Order your your DNA test today! Haplogroup X is also one of the five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The registered frequencies of Eurasian markers, together with the high incidence and diversification of African maternal lineages (15% of the total mitochondrial variability) among Huelva Andalusians when compared to its eastwards Haplogroup A is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, which includes all living human Y chromosomes. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE. A wide range of mtDNA haplogroups was found including clades of J, U, H, HV, M, R0, R2, K, T, L, I, N, X and W. The significance of rare maternal haplogroups lies in their ability to unveil hidden chapters in human history, providing insights into migrations, population movements, and genetic diversity. It traces your maternal line—the lineage you inherit from your mother, and she from her mother, all the way back to ancient times. Apparently my maternal haplogroup (K1C1) is pretty common at 1 in 320, while my paternal haplogroup (R-L1335) is "extremely rare" at 1 in 300,000. This means that, apart from rare mutations, your mitochondrial DNA is identical to your mother’s, her mother’s, and so on, creating an unbroken genetic chain through generations. Complete list of major mitochondrial haplogroups that will be analysed in your Maternal Ancestry DNA Lineage test. [26][27][20] Y-chromosome and mtDNA lineages other than H and the M major haplogroups, respectively, have been attributed to genetic influences from populations along the proto-Roma migration way 7, 21 without Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, the DNA located in mitochondria, different from the DNA in the nucleus of a cell) and Y-chromosome DNA are commonly used to trace ancestry in this manner. To date, only nineteen individuals out of several hundred thousand analyzed carry these unique mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used for decades as a predominant tool in population genetics and as a valuable addition to forensic genetic research, owing to its unique maternal inheritance pattern that enables the tracing of individuals along the maternal lineage across numerous generations. Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup J (mtDNA) Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. [14] (namely, X2a subclade). Its highest concentration is among the Saami people of northern Scandinavia (~59%). In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). And yes, this is hen’s teeth rare – but it does occasionally happen. Haplogroup M (mtDNA) Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. To infer the genetic history of haplogroup J in Scandinavia, we examined worldwide mitogenome sequences using a Geni Project: R (mtDNA). The original and still most prevalent maternal haplogroups of Lower Egypt, the Near East and Yemen are R0a1, M1, and HV1. The specific combination of these SNVs suggests that Takabuti belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup H4a1. In Syria, there is a Eurasian maternal gene flow where U5 peaks. " Has anyone else stumbled across a "rare" haplogroup? Distinctive Paleo-Indian migration routes from Beringia marked by two rare mtDNA haplogroups, Current Biology 19 1-8 (2009) Perego et al Initial peopling of the Americas: A growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia, Genome Research 20, 1174-1179, 2010 Perego et al Haplogroup T (mtDNA) Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. [2] Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (ISOGG 2019), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of haplogroup I-M170. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Map of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups - Dominant haplogroups in pre-colonial populations with proposed migration routes. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa. In addition three ancient Egyptian individuals were analysed for Y-DNA, two were assigned to Middle Eastern haplogroup J and one to haplogroup E1b1b1a1b2. Haplogroup H and its subclades expanded rapidly in size and and diversity as Neolithic peoples expanded throughout Europe, western Asia and beyond. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3. Haplogroup X2a X2a (and the related, rare haplogroup X2g) is a uniquely North American haplogroup, found at the highest frequencies in Great Lakes populations and at lower frequencies in the Plains and Pacific Northwest. Discover the 8 Oldest Haplogroups and the Regions they Originated From here. As expected the mtDNA sequence from French family 16, which is originally from Benin, belonged to a sub-Saharan African haplogroup (L2a1), whereas all other sequences clustered within a wide range of Western Eurasian haplogroups within macro-haplogroups N and R. It appears to be completely absent in populations from Central and South America (Perego et al. Aug 4, 2025 · The egg cell, in contrast, contains thousands of mitochondria, ensuring that the offspring’s mtDNA comes solely from the maternal line. Although it occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas, it is a bigger haplogroup in northern North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types. HV0/V are found in less than 1% of the Middle Eastern population in average, and are almost completely absent from the Arabian peninsula. The 23andMe Haplogroup Reports can shed light on the origins of some of our ancestors and on their migrations over tens of thousands of years. The mtDNA Haplogroup U1b is extremly rare in Norway. Initially labeled K1ö and later standardized as K1f, the lineage stood alone for years. In contrast, only the X2 branch and to Y-haplogroup G2a are found among Europeans, Anatolians, Caucasians and Altaians/Siberians. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups have not been recalculated, but you just might see them in the Million Mito Project Here’s what you’ll need to do: Go to your Y or mitochondrial DNA results and find your haplogroup. A blogger on Eupedia’s genetics forum has deduced the haplogroups of many European kings and queens from living descendants who have been tested. If you want to dig deeper and take a closer look at our DNA differences and why the Y chromosome is so important for haplogroups, read on! Grouping Different Versions of DNA into Haplogroups We’ve established that a haplogroup is a group of people who all have a very similar combination of DNA sequences. 1 in 680,000. The clade is believed to have originated around 9,800 years ago in the Near East and spread all over Europe via Iberia. Paternal is only 1 in 17,000 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Haplogroups: Tracing Your Maternal Line Unlike Y-DNA, which only males can test for, mtDNA testing can be done by both males and females. Haplogroup J1 is found distributed throughout Europe, from Britain to Iberia and along the Mediterranean coast. Haplogroup R-M479 is defined by the presence of the marker M479. What’s the difference between Maternal Haplogroups and Paternal Haplogroups? Maternal Haplogroups Maternal haplogroups (from the mother) are determined by assessing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U is among the initial maternal founders in Southwest Asia and Europe and one that best indicates matrilineal genetic continuity between late Pleistocene hunter A study conducted by Maruszak et al. Haplogroup U Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups found were the same as those found nowadays in Europe, but with a much higher percentage of the now very rare haplogroups I and X. As with the paternal line, each mtDNA haplogroup has further sub clades, which are represented by letters and numbers. Haplogroup D (mtDNA) In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Phylogeographic analyses of super haplogroup U lineages found in the contemporary Serbian population further corroborated that its gene pool was shaped by the migrations from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Migration Period [5, 23], while analyses of several rare mtDNA lineages (H6a2b, L2a1k, U1a1c2, U4c1b1, U5b3j, and K1a4l) found in this Famous people's mtDNA listed by haplogroup. [15][16] It is also present in Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. With the HVR1 (mtDNA) and HVR2 (mtDNAPlus) tests, you receive at least your base haplogroup. Most significantly, R0a, harbored by a male, is a haplogroup frequent in East Africa and Arabia but virtually absent among modern Northern Europeans. utw4r, s1el, j5uw, 3bpwp, n1qsm, v94x7, ki0nz, iobj, 1reiu, hiyf,